What are the Three Gunas?
With Evidence
"The three gunas (qualities) are Rajgun-Brahma Ji, Satgun-Vishnu Ji, and Tamgun-Shiv Ji.
They have taken birth from Brahm (Kaal) and Prakriti (Durga) and all three are perishable."
Evidence: - Shri Shiv Mahapuran, published from Gitapress Gorakhpur, edited by Shri Hanuman Prasad Poddar, on page no. 110, Adhyay 9, Rudra Sanhita
"In this way, Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiv, the three gods have gunas (qualities), but Shiv (Brahm-Kaal) is said to be beyond gunas (qualities)."
Second evidence: - Shrimad Devibhagwat Puran, published from Gitapress Gorakhpur, edited by Shri Hanuman Prasad Poddar and Chiman Lal Goswami, Skand 3, Adhyay 5, page no. 123: -
God Vishnu prayed to Durga: said that I (Vishnu), Brahma, and Shankar are existing by your grace. We have birth (aavirbhaav) and death (Tirobhhaav). We are not eternal (immortal). Only you are eternal, are the mother of the world (jagat janani), are Prakriti, and Goddess Sanatani (existing for time immemorial).
God Shankar said: If God Brahma, and God Vishnu have taken birth from you, then am I, Shankar, who was born after them and perform Tamoguni leela (divine play), not your son? Henceforth, you are my mother too. Your gunas are always present everywhere in this world's creation, preservation, and destruction. We, Brahma, Vishnu, and Shankar, born of these three gunas (qualities) remain devoted to work according to the regulations.
The above-mentioned description is from Shri Devimahapuran which is translated in Hindi only, and in which some of the facts have been concealed.
Therefore, see these very evidence in Shrimad devibhagwat Mahapuran Sabhashtikam Smahatyam, Khemraj Shri Krishna Das Prakashan Mumbai. In this, besides translation in Hindi, text is also given in Sanskrit. Skand 3, Adhyay 4, Page no. 10, Shlok 42: -
Brahma Aham maheshwarH fil te prabhawatsarve vyaM jani yuta na yada tu nityaH,
Ke anye suraH shatmakh pramukhaH ch nitya nitya twamev janani PrakritiH Purana (42)
Translation: - (Vishnu Ji said) Oh Mother! Brahma, I, and Shiv take birth from your influence only, are not eternal i.e we are not immortal, then how can other Indra-etc gods be eternal. Only you are immortal, are janni of all of us i.e. are the mother who gave birth to us; are Prakriti and Sanatani Devi (42).
Page no. 11-12 Adhyay 5, Shlok 8: -
Yadi dayardramna na sadambike kathamhaM vihitH ch tamogunH
kamaljshch rajogunsambhavH suvihitH kimu satvguno hariH (8)
Translation: - God Shankar said, "Oh Mother! If you are kind to us, then why did you make me Tamogun; why did you make Brahma, who has originated from lotus, Rajgun; and why did you make Vishnu, Satgun?" i.e. why did you engage us in the evil deed of the birth and death of the living beings?
Shlok 12: - Ramayse swapatiM purushM sada tav gatiM na hivih vid am shive (12)
Translation: - You are always doing sexual intercourse with your husband purush i.e. Kaal God. Nobody knows your state.
Third Skand, page no. 14, Adhyay 5 Shlok 43: -
Ekameva dwitiyM yat Brahm veda vadanti vae Sa
kiM tvam vaaapyasau vakiM sandehM vinivartay (43)
Translation: The one, who has been called as unequalled onlyone Purna Brahm in the Vedas, is that you only or is it someone else? Dispel this doubt of mine. On Brahma Ji's request Devi said -
Devyuvaach sadaektvaM na bhedosti sarvdaev mamaasya ch
yosau saahamahM yosau bhedosti mativibhrmaat 2
AavyorantarM sookshmM yo ved matimaanhi saH
vimuktH sa tu sansaaranmuchyate naatra sanshayH 3
Translation: Devi said - What he is, I am; what I am, he is. Because of mental confusion, a difference is perceived. He, who knows the subtle difference between the two of us, only he is intelligent i.e. is Tatvdarshi; becoming separate from the world he gets liberated. There is no doubt about this 2,3
SumarnaaddarshanM tubhyaM daasyehM vishme sthite
SwartvyahaM sadaa devaH parmatma sanatanH 80
UbhyoH sumarnaadev karyasiddhir sanshaym′
Brahmovaach Ityuktva vissarjasma and tva shaktiH susanskrtaan′81
Vishnveth mahalakshmi mahakaaliM shivaay ch
mahasarasvatiM mahayM sthaanaattsmadwisarjitaH 82
Translation - In a situation of crisis I will appear before you only\ when you will remember me. Gods! Always remember me as the power of the Parmatma Sanatan Dev 80
Your tasks will definitely be accomplished by the remembrance of both of us.
Brahma Ji said - in this way endowing power, bade us farewell 81
MahaLakshmi to Vishnu, MahaKaali to Shiv and giving MahaSarasvati to me, bade us farewell 82
Mm chaev shareerM vae sootramityabhidheeyate sthoolM
shareerM vakshyami brahmanH parmatmanH83
Translation: Durga said - My body is said to be like a beautiful cloth; God Brahm is said to have a material body 83
The Essence of the Above-mentioned Statements of Purans It has been clarified that Shri Brahma Ji is Rajgun, Shri Vishnu Ji is Satgun and Shri Shiv Ji is Tamgun. These three gods are perishable and they have birth and death. Durga is also known as Prakriti. Durga's husband is Brahm (Kshar Purush / Kaal). Shekeeps doing sexual intercourse with him. Durga and Brahm are both in form in material bodies.
This very evidence is also in Gita Adhyay 14 Shlok 3 to 5.
Brahm (Kshar Purush / Kaal), the giver of the knowledge of Gita, is saying that Prakriti (Durga) is my wife. I place the seed in her womb, by which all the living beings are born. I am the father of all (the living beings of the twenty-one brahmands) and Prakriti (Durga / Ashtangi) is the mother of all. The three gunas (Rajgun-Brahma, Satgun-Vishnu and Tamgun-Shiv), born of this very Durga (Prakriti / Ashtangi), bind the other living beings to the bondage of actions.
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